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Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece was regarded as contributing to morale.〔Victor Davis Hanson, ''The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece'' (University of California Press, 1994, 2009), p. 124.〕 Although the primary example is the Sacred Band of Thebes, a unit said to have been formed of same-sex couples, the Spartan tradition of military heroism has also been explained in light of strong emotional bonds resulting from homosexual relationships.〔Hanson, ''The Western Way of War'', p. 124.〕 Various ancient Greek sources record incidents of courage in battle and interpret them as motivated by homoerotic bonds.
==Philosophical discourses==
Some Greek philosophers wrote on the subject of homosexuality in the military. In Plato's ''Symposium'', the interlocutor Phaedrus commented on the power of male sexual relationships to improve bravery in the military:〔Plato, ''Symposium'' 178e–179a.〕
However, the ''Symposium'' is a dialectical exploration of the nature of true love, in which Phaedrus' views are soon found to be inadequate compared to the transcendent vision of Socrates, who:
Xenophon, while not criticizing the relationships themselves, ridiculed militaries that made them the sole basis of unit formation:
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